I've spent a bunch of time thinking about it, and only have anecdotal support, at best. But my real world real feel says 500-600 grain arrows, shot at 250fps+, under 30 yards, with a cut on contact 2 blade razor sharp broadhead will poke through any part of a whitetail, enough so to get to the goodies. If we want to be really conservative, you can say that it won't bust through the shoulder knuckle every time. But if I had a way to set up the experiment, I'd bet it would.
At that draw and weight, that range drops to something like 20 yards to be able to maintain both trajectory, and time to target.
In my experience, being good enough to get deer to 20 yards, ain't no different than 30 yards.